An Assessment of Water Pollution and Its Impact on Rural Livelihoods in Benue State
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Background of the Study
Water pollution remains a critical environmental challenge affecting rural communities in Nigeria, where many people depend on rivers, streams, and wells for drinking water, agriculture, and fishing. Contaminants such as industrial effluents, agricultural runoff, and improper waste disposal contribute to the deterioration of water quality, threatening both human health and economic activities (World Bank, 2024). Poor water quality is linked to diseases such as cholera, diarrhea, and dysentery, disproportionately affecting rural populations with limited access to clean water sources (United Nations Children’s Fund [UNICEF], 2023).
Benue State, known as Nigeria’s "Food Basket," has a large rural population reliant on agriculture for their livelihoods. However, water pollution from pesticide use, fertilizer runoff, and waste disposal has significantly impacted water bodies used for irrigation and fishing (Federal Ministry of Water Resources [FMWR], 2024). Reports indicate a decline in fish populations due to contamination, affecting fishing-dependent communities (Nigeria Environmental Protection Agency [NEPA], 2023). Additionally, polluted water sources contribute to rising cases of waterborne diseases, further impacting rural livelihoods.
Despite government initiatives to improve water quality through regulations and sanitation programs, water pollution remains a major concern in Benue State. This study will assess the extent of water pollution and its direct effects on rural communities, focusing on agricultural productivity, fishing, and public health.
Statement of the Problem
Water pollution in Benue State has become a growing concern due to its impact on rural livelihoods. Contaminated water sources threaten agricultural sustainability, reducing crop yields and affecting food security. Fishing communities have reported a decline in fish populations, leading to economic losses and food shortages (FMWR, 2024). Additionally, polluted drinking water has led to frequent outbreaks of waterborne diseases, placing a burden on rural healthcare systems (UNICEF, 2023).
Despite these challenges, there is limited data on the direct correlation between water pollution and rural livelihoods in Benue State. Without comprehensive research, policymakers may lack the necessary information to implement effective water management and pollution control measures. This study seeks to bridge this gap by examining the impact of water pollution on agriculture, fishing, and public health in rural Benue communities.
Objectives of the Study
- To analyze the extent of water pollution in rural communities of Benue State.
- To assess the impact of water pollution on agriculture, fishing, and rural economies.
- To evaluate community access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities.
Research Questions
- What are the major sources of water pollution in Benue State?
- How does water pollution affect agriculture, fishing, and rural economies?
- What are the existing measures to improve water quality and how effective are they?
Research Hypotheses
- Water pollution significantly reduces agricultural productivity and food security.
- Fishing-dependent communities experience economic losses due to declining fish populations caused by water pollution.
- Limited access to clean drinking water increases the prevalence of waterborne diseases.
Scope and Limitations of the Study
The study will focus on rural communities in Benue State, assessing water pollution levels and its socioeconomic effects. Limitations may include difficulty in obtaining accurate pollution data and reluctance of industries to share information on waste disposal practices.
Definitions of Terms
- Water Pollution: The contamination of water bodies due to harmful substances such as chemicals, waste, and microorganisms (WHO, 2024).
- Rural Livelihoods: Economic activities such as farming and fishing that sustain people living in rural areas (World Bank, 2024).
- Waterborne Diseases: Illnesses caused by consuming contaminated water, such as cholera and typhoid (UNICEF, 2023).
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